Improved Security = Lower Risk + Higher Costs: Passing On The Cost Of Port Security

This paper eyaluates the security initiatiyes taken after the 9-11 incident to improye the security environment in ports. It evaluates the challenges, problems and pertinent issues related to complying -with port security measures, and the effects of passing the costs related thereto to port users and other stakeholders. The paper also assesses the implications that compliance with the security measures have had on ports from a cost benefit analysis and risk management perspective.